If the Windows 8 style Start Screen is not what you're looking for, but the new Windows 10 Start Menu that includes tiles off to the right-hand side, your quickest fix for that might be to try a System Restore to a point just before the Start Menu stopped working.

Is it that by 'task view' with all the icons = are you referring to the Windows 8 style 'Start Screen' (that has nice large icons, and takes up your whole screen - plus also (usually) having more icons when scrolling to the side or up and down? If yes - try: right-click the Windows icon, select Search, type in Personalization, select Personalization, select Start, and select 'Use Start full screen' - this should cause Windows 10 to display the Windows 8 style Start Screen with the large icons. Sounds like, for the most part, Task View is doing its part (showing small examples of your open programs), but your Windows 10 Start Menu is not working correctly.